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Section: Life & Society J (Surnames)
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General Information about J

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J is the 10th letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet used today; it was the last of the 26 letters to be added. Its name in English (pronounced /ˈdʒeɪ/) is spelled jay. It was formerly jy (from French ji) and still is in some dialects, mainly in Scottish English, where it is often pronounced /ˈdʒaɪ/.
J originated as a swash character to end some Roman numerals in place of i. There was an emerging distinctive use in Middle High German. Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478-1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524. Originally, both I and J represented /i/, /iː/, and /j/; but Romance languages developed new sounds (from former /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to be represented as I and J; therefore, English J (from French J) has a sound value quite different from /j/ (which represents the sound in the English word "yet").
In English J most commonly represents the affricate /dʒ/ (as in jet). In Old English the phoneme /dʒ/ was represented orthographically as cʒ. Under the influence of Old French, which had a similar phoneme deriving from Latin /j/, English scribes began to use I (later J) to represent word-initial /dʒ/ of Old English (for example, iest, later jest), while using DG elsewhere (for example, hedge). Later many other uses of I (later J) were added in loan words from French and other languages (e.g. adjoin, junta). The first English-language book to make a clear distinction between I and J was published in 1634. In loanwords such as raj, "J" may be pronounced /ʒ/ by some, but not all, speakers. In some such cases, including raj, Taj Mahal and others, the regular /dʒ/ is actually closer to the original sound of the foreign language, making this realization a hyperforeignism. Occasionally J represents other sounds, as in Hallelujah which is pronounced the same as "Halleluyah" (See the Hebrew yud for more details).
The great majority of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian use J for the palatal approximant /j/. Notable exceptions are English, Scots and Luxembourgish. J also represents /j/ in Albanian, and those Uralic, Baltic and Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some languages in these families, such as Serbian, also adopted J into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the minuscule letter was chosen to be used in the IPA as the phonetic symbol for the sound.
In modern standard Italian spelling, only Latin words, proper nouns (such as Jesi, Letojanni, Juventus etc.) or those of foreign languages have J. Until the 19th century, J was used instead of I in diphthongs, as a replacement for final -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict for official writing. And J is also used for rendering words in dialect, where it stands for /j/, e.g. Romanesque ajo for standard aglio (garlic). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used J in vowel groups in his works written in Italian (he also wrote in his native Sicilian language, that still maintains the J).

HowTo ... ... about J

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How to Install J Molding :
How to Install J Molding. J molding is a type of molding used to present a finished edge on vinyl or aluminum siding. It is used around window casings and door casings and at the ...
eHow
How to Be Like J.D. from Scrubs - wikiHow
wikiHow article about How to Be Like J.D. from Scrubs. ... J.D. often seems to dislike his job but overall he really enjoys it. ...
wikiHow
How to J-Stroke a Canoe :
How to J-Stroke a Canoe. A canoe being paddled forward will veer to the side opposite the side on which the stern paddler is paddling. The J-stroke helps correct this problem ...
eHow
How to save money at J. Crew :
How to save money at J. Crew. J. Crew is fantastic. I love receiving the J. Crew catalog in the mail every season, and I always find many things that I would love to purchase for ...
eHow
How to do the J Stroke in Canoeing: How to Steer and Paddle a Canoe ...
How to do the J Stroke in Canoeing. Part of the series: How to Steer and Paddle a Canoe. Learn the subtle but efficient J stroke for flatwater canoeing in this free outdoor extreme ...
eHow
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Popular questions about J

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What is biography?
Biography is the written story of someone's life.In: Relationships : BiographyWhat is a biography?
Wiki Answers
What celebrities have died from smoking?
Does anyone know any actors, musicians or other celebrities that have died from lung cancer or other smoking related problems? And are there any current celebrities with complications from smoking?
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What is oprah biography?
oprah what is your biography ?In: Oprah WinfreyWho writes biographies?
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What are some suggestions on good books for teen girls age 14-15?
I enjoy the Twilight series, Harry Potter series, books by Jodi Piccoult and my all time favorite book is Perks of Being a Wallflower. Any other suggestions?
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What is a brief biography?
In: Explorers and Expeditions : Central American History : BiographyWhat is the meaning of biography?
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The Key of David
The Key of David is a weekly television program that connects current news to Bible prophecy. Gerald Flurry presents the program each Sunday morning, which starts with an introductory montage of bibli...
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If you're a small business owner starting a website, or new to marketing your website online, don't miss these tips to increase search engine rank! This beginner's guide covers linking, keywords and c...

Dictionary

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Entry: Biography
Noun
  • Semantic  (n)  -  biography, life, life story, life history (an account of the series of events making up a person's life)

General Web listings about J

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J&R Music and Computer World
... Computers, Notebooks, Office Products at J&R Music & Computer World ... Sony DVP-FX930 9" Portable DVD Player - Black Was $189.00 Now $149.99 Save ...
http://www.jr.com/
J&T Distributing: AR-15 & Black Rifle Specialists
AR-15 & Black Rifle Kit Specialists. Nations choice for defense at home & abroad. ... Due to incredibly high numbers of orders since the election ...
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J & I Manufacturing - Truck beds, Trailers, and Supplies...
J & I Manufacturing produces truck beds and bodies for the farming, ranching, ... J & I offers steel roofing to enhance the architecture of any home and turn it ...
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J&P Cycles : Motorcycle Parts and Motorcycle Accessories
J&P Cycles - Motorcycle ,motorbike parts, exhausts, seats, mirrors, tires, wheels, clutches, risers, helmets, handlebars, lights, windshields, shocks, frames, ...
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Johnson & Johnson
Manufacturer of health care products and provider of related services for the consumer, pharmaceutical, and medical devices and diagnostics markets.
http://www.jnj.com/
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Latest News about J

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Posted: 09-02-2010 , 14:05 GMT
Egyptian actress Laila Elwi will play the role of renowned Egyptian journalist Rose Al Yousif in a new television drama series. The series is a biography about her professional, emotional and family life.
2 hours ago - Al Bawaba
• Jack Eller biography box
Thomas J. "Jack" EllerDemocratAge: 48Address: Woodleaf RoadFamily/ background: Owner of Eller Transport, a trucking company in Woodleaf; wife Teresa Sides Eller; son, Jonathan, 23; daughter, Tiffany, 17; one grandchild, Chloeigh, 1; parents, Bru ...
10 hours ago - The Salisbury Post
Ed Grier biography
Born: Feb. 15, 1955, in Atlanta Education: Bachelor's degree in accounting from Duquesne University Family: Wife, Valerie, and three sons Career path: President of Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, Calif.; vice president, representative director, of Walt Disney Attractions Japan; general manager for operations at Disney's Hollywood Studios in Orlando, ...
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Biography: Col. Russell Williams
Col. Russell Williams, a high-ranking Canadian military commander who has met with senior Canadian politicians and been quoted extensively about the war in Afghanistan and the earthquake in Haiti, is facing first-degree murder charges in the deaths of two women from eastern Ontario.
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Willie Mays, Acrobat of the Outfield, Wins Graceful Biography
Feb. 8 (Bloomberg) -- Willie Mays had it all: two Most Valuable Player awards, 12 Gold Gloves, 660 home runs, a place in the National Baseball Hall of Fame , even an honorary doctorate from Dartmouth. He had everything -- except a first- rate biography.
1 day ago - Bloomberg
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Job listings about J

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Marketing Assistant
document requests; posting website content; updating attorney biographies and maintaining attorney files; formatting,
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Events Coordinator
GA-Atlanta, The world’s largest photographic association is seeking a highly motivated, proactive, creative, efficient, and well-organized Events Coordinator . PPA is a non-profit membership association for professional photographers, located in Atlanta , Georgia . We represent six associations; Professional Photographers of America, Society of S...
Monster
Senior Marketing Communications Specialist
· Prepare and draft press releases, talking points, biographies, presentations, web content, employee memos, and other internal
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Events Coordinator
at Imaging USA. · Serves as main contact for program ... include such items as: course outline, biography, photo, on-site handouts,
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Master's Level Clinician/ Therapeutic Support Staff
Professional Your Chance to Change a Biography Immediate Openings In Bradford County Dynamic community based mental health
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